Mining, drilling, and quarrying are methods of extraction.

Mining is a process of extraction of taking out minerals from rocks under the earth’s surface.

1. Opencast mining: In this, minerals lying at shallow depths are taken out by removing the surface layer.

2. Shaft mining: In this, deep bores (called shafts) are made to reach mineral deposits lying at large depths.

3. Drilling: In this, deep wells are bored to take out minerals.

4. Quarrying: It is the process of extraction in which minerals lying very close to the surface are extracted just by digging them out.